No, Gradle uses a Java compiler which outputs .class files containing Java bytecode meant to be run by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
This might seem complicated at first but basically your Java code source files are transformed by the compiler into instructions that can be read by another program called the JVM. This program can then run your code in an optimized way and on any platform that can read those .class files (desktop, mobile, browser…).
For a basic Java project setup, you can take a look at this (and for your own curiosity):